BENOIT Rigaud

Rigaud Benoit was born on January 11, 1911, in Port-au-Prince, to a shoemaker father and a mother without a formal profession.

Although nothing seemed to predispose him to become a painter, the smell of leather in his father’s workshop sparked his imagination and a desire to escape that atmosphere. From a very young age, he showed a keen interest in learning, already able to read the alphabet by the age of five.He attended primary school at Collège St. Vincent de Paul, run by Horatius Laventure, and began his secondary education. However, due to financial hardship caused by his father’s departure for the Dominican Republic, he was forced to drop out for good in his sixth year of secondary school.

With no support from his father and a mother without work, Benoit survived through odd jobs. He first worked in a cigarette factory, played the banjo, and practiced shoemaking. He later worked as an occasional driver and a laborer in a pite (fiber) workshop under President Lescot’s administration — though more often than not, he was unemployed.

One day, his aimless wandering led him to the Art Center. He was dazzled by the works of Georges Remponeau, Luckner Lazare, and Dewitt Peters. Everything seemed so simple, and his mind was made up: he would become a painter.
Back home, he began sketching shapes on pieces of cardboard, which he covered with sapolin paint. With the help of a friend, he showed his work to Dewitt Peters. The scribbles were not only accepted, but even praised. Peters sent him more cardboard and painting supplies, commissioning another piece.

Rigaud then painted On the Banks of the Artibonite, which received praise from both Remponeau and Peters. In 1944, he was officially welcomed into the Art Center. From then on, he was recognized as a painter and became a teacher of “primitive painting,” training major artists such as Hector Hyppolite and Castera Bazile.

Rigaud went on to achieve a series of successes and received numerous honors, including a diploma of honor from the Brazilian Academy of Fine Arts. Oto-Bigaldi Merin ranked him among the thirty greatest primitive painters in the world, and one of his paintings, La cascade de Saut d’Eau, is housed in the Museum of Modern Art in Washington, D.C.His work is distinguished by its extraordinary meticulousness — he did not hesitate to use a magnifying glass to execute the finest details. He painted scenes of Haitian life, as well as Vodou and religious themes, sometimes blending the two, along with a few still lifes. A rigorous and non-conformist artist, he also created murals for the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Episcopal Church, including a Nativity scene above the altar.

Benoit favored narrative scenes, often imbued with ambiguous meanings and always tinged with a touch of humor. His oil painting production was limited, rarely exceeding half a dozen works per year. His canvases are frequently dominated by gray tones — a hue he used so extensively that it virtually inundated his landscapes, especially those with mountainous backgrounds. When asked why, Benoit simply replied: “Because that’s how I see them — gray.”
He used green to add a bit of light, all while maintaining a pared-down aesthetic marked by simple lines and soothing shades. He deliberately avoided overloaded compositions, preferring precision over excess. His paintings rank among the most highly valued on the Haitian art market.

Rigaud Benoit is recognized as one of Haiti’s foremost primitive painters, having exhibited at the Centre d’Art since 1944. He played a key role in introducing primitive painting to the Centre, where he served on the board of directors from 1948 to 1973. His works are held in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Figge Art Museum in Iowa, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Centre d’Art, and the Musée d’Art Haïtien du Collège Saint-Pierre in Port-au-Prince.

Rigaud Benoit married Hermite, the daughter of his friend Hector Hyppolite. With the same simplicity that had marked his life, Rigaud Benoit passed away on Thursday, October 30, 1986, at the age of 75. He left behind a lasting legacy in the art world. Celebrated for his contribution to Haitian primitive painting, his influence endures well beyond his passing. In 2009, a crater on the planet Mercury was named “Benoit” in his honor — a tribute to the far-reaching impact of his work, extending beyond the boundaries of Earth itself.[1].

EXHIBITIONS

GROUP

Years 2020

• 2020, Haitian Masterworks, Figge Art Museum, Davenport, Iowa, Etats-Unis.

• 2020, 273^e exposition du Centre d’Art, 75 ans de création plastique en Haïti, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

Years 2010

• 2018, En Voyage: Hybridity and Vodou in Haitian Art, Faulconer Gallery, Bucksbaum Center for the Arts, Iowa, Etats-Unis.

• 2018, Art and Revolution in Haiti, The Gallery of Everything, Marylebone, London, UK, Royaume-Uni.
• 2015, Les grands maitres de la peinture populaire Haïtienne, 1945-1970, MUPANAH, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 2015, The Carnival, the City and the Sea, LSU Museum of Art, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Etats-Unis.

• 2014, The Caribbean: Crossroads of the World exhibition at Pérez Art Museum Miami, Etats-Unis.

• 2012, Kafou: Haiti, Art and Vodou, Nottingham Contemporary, Nottingham, UK, Royaume-Uni.

Years 2000

• 2007, Haitian Art from the Hugues Collection, KU Spencer Museum of Art, Chicago, Etats-Unis.

• 2006, Allégories of Haitian Life from the Collection of Jonathan DEMME, Bass Museum of Art, Floride, Miami, Etats-Unis.

• 2003, Vaudou, Centre Culturel Abbaye de Daoulas, Bretagne, France.

• 2003, Synthèse I/ la peinture haïtienne de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, Museo de Bellas Artes de la Havane, MUPANAH, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 2000, Haitian Celebration, Coral Springs Museum of Art, Floride, Miami, Etats-Unis.

Years 1990

• 1999, Les premiers primitifs, Musée d’art haïtien du collège Saint-Pierre, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1998, Haïti : parfums de liberté, Le musée de Vicq, Vicq, France.

• 1997, HAITIAN ART: Twenty Years of Collecting at the Waterloo Museum of Art, 1977-1997, The Waterloo Museum of Art, Iowa, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

• 1997, Masterworks in Haitian Art from the Collection of the Davenport Museum of Art, The Lowe Art Museum University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, Etats-Unis.

• 1996, Masterworks in Haitian Art from the Collection of the Davenport Museum of Art, Philarmonic Center for the Arts, Naples, Florida, Etats-Unis.

• 1996, Masterworks in Haitian Art, Davenport Museum of Art, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

• 1996, Masterworks in Haitian Art from the Collection of the Davenport Museum of Art, Oklahoma City Art Museum, Los Angeles, California, Oklahoma, Etats-Unis.

• 1996, Masterworks in Haitian Art from the Collection of the Davenport Museum of Art, The Craft and Folk-Art Museum, Los Angeles, California, Etats-Unis.

• 1995, Masterworks in Haitian Art from the Collection of the Davenport Museum of Art, Akron Art Museum, Akron Ohio, Etats-Unis.

• 1995, Haitian Art in the Permanent Collection of the Davenport Museum of Art, Davenport Museum of Art, Iowa, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

• 1993, The Joyful Spirit: Three Generations of Haitian Art, New Jersey Center for Visual Arts, New Jersey, Summit, Etats-Unis.

• 1993, Haitian Masters : the First Generation, Galerie Lakaye, Californie, Los Angeles, Etats-Unis.

• 1991, Haitian Art: Selections from a Chicago Collection, The Hyde Park Art Center, Illinois, Chicago, Etats-Unis.

Years 1980

• 1989 –1990, The Art of Haiti, Davenport Museum of Art, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

• 1988, Haïti : Art naïf, Art vaudou, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, France.

• 1985, Le Centre d’Art ses débuts, MUPANAH, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1985, Haitian Art, the Legend and Legacy of the Naive Tradition, Davenport Art Gallery, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

• 1985, Artists in Tune with their World: Popular Artists of the Americas from the Selden Rodman collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Etats-Unis.

• 1984, Important Latin American Paintings, Drawings, sculpture, prints and Haitian paintings, Sotheby Parke Bernet, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1984, Through Haitian Eyes, Bacardi Art Gallery, Floride, Miami, Etats-Unis.

• 1984, Primitive, Naive, Contemporary: Haitian, Bacardi Art Gallery, Floride, Miami, Etats-Unis.

• 1984, 193^e exposition du Centre d’Art, « 40e anniversaire : peintures des premiers artistes », Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1983, Under the Spell: The Art of Haiti, The Chicago Public Library Cultural Center, Chicago, Etats-Unis.

• 1983, Peinture haïtienne, Musée international d’art naïf Anatole Jakovsky, Nice, France.

• 1983, exposition inaugurale du musée du Panthéon National en l’honneur des héros de l’indépendance haïtienne : Toussaint Louverture, Alexandre Pétion, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henry Christophe, (Masters of Haitian Popular Art 1945-1965), MUPANAH, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1983, Peintures haïtiennes : hier… et aujourd’hui, musée du Panthéon National Haïtien, (MUPANAH), Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1982, Three generations of Haitian Art, Allentown Art Museum of the Lehigh Valley, Allentown, Etats-Unis.

• 1982, L’art naïf Haïtien, Centre d’action culturelle de la Guadeloupe, Fort-Saint-Charles, Guadeloupe.

• 1980, Retrospective, Davenport Municipal Art Gallery, Iowa, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

• 1980, Haitian and Latin American Paintings and Drawings, Sotheby Parke Bernet, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1980, Art Haïtien/esprit Noir, Davenport Art Gallery, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

Years 1970

• 1979, Haitian Paintings, PB Eighty-Four, New Jersey, Etats-Unis.

• 1979, Haitian Art, New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, Etats-Unis.

• 1978, Haitian Art, The Brooklyn Museum, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1978, Haitian Art, Milwaukee Art Center, Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Etats-Unis.

• 1977, Pintura Haitiana : Colecciones Eugenio Fernández Méndez y John A Franciscus, Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, Puerto Rico.

• 1976, Haitian Art, The Tennessee Botanical Gardens and Fine Arts Center Incorporated, Nasville, Etats-Unis.

• 1976, Artistes Haïtiens, Institut Français d’Haïti (I.F.H), Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1976, Le fantastique dans l’art haïtien, Institut Français d’Haïti, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1970, 147^e exposition du Centre d’Art, les œuvres de groupe, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1974, The Art of Haiti, Davenport Art Gallery, Davenport, Etats-Unis.

• 1974, ORTF, collection privée Issa El Saieh, Paris, France.

Years 1960

• 1969 – 1970, Kunst aus Haïti, Dortmund, Allemagne.

• 1969, 141^e exposition du Centre d’Art « œuvres récentes de Jasmin Joseph et de Rigaud Benoit », Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1968, Art of Haiti and Jamaica, Art gallery, Center for inter-American Relations, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1967, Naive Art from Haiti, The Corning Museum of Glass by the Smithsonian Institution, Corning, Etats-Unis.

• 1965, The Haitian Primitives, The Randolph Gallery, Houston, Etats-Unis.

• 1964, 132e exposition du Centre d’Art, 20^e anniversaire, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1963, Selected Haitian Paintings and Sculpture, Faunce House Gallery of Brown University, The Art Association of Newport, Providence, Newport, Etats-Unis.

• 1960, Recent Haitian Painting and sculpture from Le Centre d’Art, The Newman Contemporary Art Galery, Philadelphia, Etats-Unis.

Years 1950

• 1959, Recent Haitian Painting and Sculpture, Janet Nessler Galery, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1957, Haitian primitive paintings, St James’ Church, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1956, Houston International 1956, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Etats-Unis.

• 1956, Haitian Painting, Morgan State College, Baltimore (Maryland), Etats-Unis.

• 1955, Exposicion Internacional de Pintura, Pan American Union, Washington, Etats-Unis.

• 1954, 107^e exposition du Centre d’Art, 10e anniversaire, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1954, 2e biennale hispano-américaine, La Havane, Cuba.

• 1953, Moderne Malerei aus Haiti, Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Allemagne.

• 1953, Peinture haïtienne contemporaine, Musée d’art, Hamburg, Allemagne.

• 1952, Pintura de Haiti, Galerie Reger, Mexico, Mexique.

• 1951-1952, Haitian Painting,La Havane, Cuba.

• 1951, Inauguration des tableaux muraux, Cathédrale sainte trinité, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1951, 85^e exposition du Centre d’Art, American Watercolorist et un groupe des artistes du Centre, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1951, 50 pinturas haitianas, Palais national, Guatemala.

• 1951, Festival de Porto-Rico, Exposition-concours, Puerto Rico Visitors Bureau, San Juan, Porto-Rico.

• 1950, 19 schilders uit Haiti, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Hollande.

• 1950, 78^e exposition du Centre d’Art, Les œuvres de groupe, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

Years 1940

• 1949, Paintings from Haïti, James Vigeveno Galleries, Westwood Hills, Arizona, Etats-Unis.

• 1948, Haitian Paintings, American British Art Center, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1948, Peintures Haïtiennes, American British Art Center, New-York, Etats-Unis.

• 1947, Haitian Popular Paintings,The Union Nation Club, New-York, Etats-Unis.

• 1947, Haitian Popular Painting, The American British Art Center, New-York, Etats-Unis.

• 1947, 47^e exposition du Centre d’Art, L’art populaire haïtien, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1947, Haitian Popular Paintings, The United Nation Club, Whyte Gallery, New York, Etats-Unis.

• 1946, Exposition de peinture Haïtienne, La Havane, Cuba.

• 1946, 30^e exposition du Centre d’Art, Concours de prix été, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

• 1946, UNESCO, Paris, France.

• 1945, Peinture populaire haïtienne, Cuba – Etats-Unis.

• 1945, 16^e exposition du Centre d’Art, tableaux de vacances, Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

SD

• Haitian Painting, Memorial Hall, Hofstra College, New York, Etats-Unis.

• Carrefour Mehu Gallery, New York, Etats-Unis.

• St James’ Church, New York, Etats-Unis.

AUCTION SALE

• 2017, Haïti : l’exception artistique, Art Haïtien de 1940 à nos jours, In partnership with : Le Centre d’Art, Port-au-Prince, PIASA, Paris, France.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

• AITKEN, Charles. Haitian Art: A Sourcebook. New York: University Press, 1997.

• ANATOLE, Jakovsky. Les Peintres naïfs. Paris : Éditions de la Maison des amis du livre, 1957.

• BENEZIT, Emmanuel. Dictionnaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs. Paris : Gründ, janvier 2006. ISBN 9780199773787. Édition en ligne, novembre 2011. e-ISBN : 9780199899913.

• BRUN, Jacques. Rigaud Benoit : L’Artiste et son Univers. Port-au-Prince : Presses Nationales d’Haïti, 2010.

• DANTICAT, Edwige, DEMME Jonathan. Ile sur le feu, New York : Kaliko Press, 1995.

• DROT Jean-Marie. Chez les peintres de la fête et du vaudou en Haïti, Genève, Skira, 2 novembre 1974.

• HERNANDEZ, Jean-Claude. Rigaud Benoit: The Artist and His Work. Port-au-Prince : Éditions Henri Deschamps, 2000.

• LEREBOURS Michel Philippe. Haïti et ses peintres de 1804 à 1980. Souffrances & Espoirs d’un Peuple, 2 volumes, Port-au-Prince, 1989.

• LETH Jorgen. Billeder fra Haiti-Images of Haiti, Danemark, Kunsthallen Brandts Klaedefabrik, 30 janvier 2000.

• MERIN, Oto-Bigaldi. Les Peintres Primitifs d’Haïti. Paris : L’Harmattan, 1988.

• NADAL-GARDERE Marie-José, BLONCOURT Gérald. La Peinture haïtienne, Paris France, Nathan, 18 novembre 1986.

• PIERRE, Léonard. Peintres naïfs. Lexique des peintres naïfs du monde entier. Paris: Éditions Ides et Calendes, 2004.

• PETERS, Dewitt. Art and Artists of Haiti. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1972.

• RODMAN Selden. Where Art is Joy.Haitian Art: The First Fourty Years, New York, USA, Ruggles de Latour, 18 novembre 1986.

• RODMAN Selden. Gallery of Popular Arts / Rodman, Selden, Photographe; Jenkins, Sydney O., Directeur artistique. – Cathy Jellinek, 2001.

• SCHUTT-AINÉ, Patricia. Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida : Librairie Au Service de la Culture. 1994.

• STEBICH Ute. Haitian Art, Brooklyn Museum, USA, Falcon prees, 2 novembre 1978.

• TOMPSON Allison, FINKELSTEIN Lucien, LEREBOURS Michel Philippe, Arte Naif. Brasil-Haiti, Brasília, Brésil, Athalaia Grafica e Editora, 2005.

EXHIBITION CATALOGS

• Art of Haïti and Jamaica. Center for Inter-American Relations. New York. 10 – 27 octobre 1968.

• Art of Haïti and Jamaica. Center for Inter-American Relations. 10 – 27 Octobre 1968.

• Haïtian Art, Brooklyn Museum by Ute Stebich, 1978.

• Pintura Haitiana : colecciones Eugenio Fernández Méndez y John A Franciscus, 18 novembre – 2 janvier 1978

• Kunst aus Haïti. Staatlichen Kunsthalle. Allemagne, Berlin, 24 juin – 12 août 1979.

• Kunst aus Haiti, The Brooklyn Museum – exposition itinérante, Berliner Festspiele GmbH: Berlin. 2 – septembre 1978 – 28 octobre 1979.

• Haitian Art: the third Generation with an overlook at the first and second Mind 1979 Collection Selection and Text by Selden Rodman. 

• L’art naïf Haïtien, Centre d’action culturelle de la Guadeloupe : Fort-Saint-Charles, Basse-Terre. 13 février-21 mars 1982.

• Haitian and Latin american paintings, drawings and Prints, Sotheby Parke Bernet, salle 4662 M, du 2 au 9 juillet 1981.

• Under the Spell: The Art of Haiti. Chicago Public Library. 18 Juin – 30 Juillet 1983.Haïtian Art, The Legend and Legacy of the Naive Tradition, Larry G. Hoffman, 1985.

• Haïti, Art Naïf, Art Vaudou. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais. PARIS (France). Rome : Edizioni Carte Segete, 1988.

• Haitian Art: Selections from a Chicago Collection. Hyde Park Art Center. 28 octobre – 30 novembre, 1991.

• A Haitian Celebration: Art and Culture. Milwaukee Art Museum. Milwaukee, 24 avril – 16 août 1992.

• Christie’s East, Latin American Paintings, Drawings, Sculpture, Prints and Haitian Paintings: New York, 17 mai 1995.

• Haitian Art: Twenty Years of Collecting at the Waterloo Museum of Art 1977-1997: [Iowa]. 1997.

• Vᵉ Festival International d’Art Naïf : Haïti : parfums de liberté. Musée de VICQ, Île de France, (France), du 18 avril au 30 septembre 1998.

• Haitian Celebration, Coral Springs Museum of Art: South Florida. 5 mai – 16 juillet 2000.

• Haïti-Anges et Démons, Genève, Hoebeke/Halle Saint Pierre, mars 2000.

• Encontros e Reencontros na Arte Naifa : Brasil – Haïti / Rencontres et retrouvailles dans l’art naïf : Brésil – Haïti / Encounters and Reenconounters in Naïve Art : Brasil – Haïti, Ministério das Relações Exteriores : Brasilia. 2005.

• Haitian Art from the Hughes Collection. Spencer Museum of Art. 7 Juillet – 16 Septembre 2007.

• NOEL James. – Intranquilités Numéro 3, passagers des vents, Bibliothèque nationale d’Haïti : Port-au-Prince. Mai 2014.

• Haïti, deux siècles de création artistique, Réunion des Musées nationaux – Grand Palais, galeries nationales : Paris. 19 novembre 2014 – 15 février 2015.

PRESS

• 1953 (10 août) Norddeutsche Nachrichten, quotidien, Hamburg

• 1953 (10 août) Hamburger Anzeiger und Nachrichten, quotidien,

• 1953 (10 août) Hamburger Abendblatt, quotidien,

• 1953 (10 août) Hamburger Morgenpost,

• 1953 (11 août) Die Welt,

• 1953 (21 septembre) Düsseldorfer Stadtnachrichten,

• 1980, Davenport municipal,

• 1982, Action culturelle de la Guadeloupe,

• 1983 (juillet), Reader,

ARTICLES

• BARBOZA Anthony. Voodoo and Soul, the true Sources of Haitian Art, in Elle decor N°5, juin- juillet 1990.

• MARTIAL Séïde. Les funérailles nationales de Rigaud Benoit, Haïti libérée, (Port-au-Prince), 6 novembre 1986.

• WILENTZ Amy . THE MUSEUM OF LOST HAITIAN ART, 24 Février 2010.

• W.L. (Mort de Rigaud Benoit), Le Nouvelliste, (Port-au-Prince), 4 novembre 1986.

• ZIMMER Lori. Caribbean: Crossroads of the World” at PAMM , /Mutual Art, 9 juillet 2014.

• Centre d’Études et de Culture Haïtiennes. Dictionnaire encyclopédique d’Haïti. Port-au-Prince : [Éditeur non spécifié], 1997-1999.

• Los Angeles times home magazine, A caribbean montage, the synthesis of color, art, architecture and food, 27 avril 1980.

• “BIM.” Volume 3, numéro 12. The Young Men’s Progressive Club publisher, Barbados, 1950.

• « Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Benoit on Mercury[archive] », sur wr.usgs.gov (consulté le 18 octobre 2024)

• • •  

      FILMOGRAPHY

      • AVILA Jac et GEE Vanyoska. Krik? Krak! (Tales of a Nightmare), VHS 78 mn. Chicago: Facets Video, 1997.
      • Leth, Jørgen. Dreamers/Drommere: The Painters of Haiti. 58 mn. Danemark, 2003.
      • Lloyd, Robin, et Kraft, Doreen. Black Dawn. Green Valley Film, 1993. 
      • • • • •  

                WEBOGRAPHY

                • http://fondationrigaudbenoit.com/
                • http://www.chigoha.com/artist-galleries/rigaud-benoit/
                • http://www.haitianarthopkins.com/benoit.htm
                • http://haitianna.com/haitian_art/index.php/features/2014-03-02-17-07-06/haiti-now-an-essay-1998/item/455-rigaud-benoit
                • https://haitianna.com/haitian_art/index.php/component/k2/item/455-rigaud-benoit
                • http://thepublicarchive.com/?p=2770
                • https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Rigaud-Benoit/6212EF3429A4EC2E#more
                • http://www.artshaitian.com/Pages/haitianartbenoit.html
                • https://www.naderhaitianart.com/benoit-rigaud/
                • http://www.egallery.com/artists/?id=184
                • http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/art/benoit-louverture.htm
                • https://www.gallevery.com/artists/rigaud-benoit
                • https://haitianmasters.com/product/rigaud-benoit-roi-carnaval/
                • https://www.galeriedada.com/rigaud-benoit.html
                • https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/18397/lot/72/?category=list
                • https://fracademic.com/dic.nsf/frwiki/2102906
                • https://flickr.com/photos/sumilightfootenjoyart/4344421074
                • https://www.haiti.org/art-history-page-i/
                • https://www.hmoa.org/art/collection/caribbean-art
                • https://www.latinamericanart.com/en/artists/rigaud-benoit/biography.html
                • https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/abstract/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000007941?rskey=6H59DU&result=123#oao-9781884446054-e-7000007941-bibliography-1
                • http://art-nerd.com/newyork/caribbean-crossroads-of-the-world-in-miami
                • https://www.mutualart.com/Artwork/Mermaid/85619E421E516979?utm_source=mutualart&utm_medium=email_alert&utm_campaign=alert_b&utm_content=al_by_artist&refID=AA9712F9ED8EF8BBEB35CBDADBE66BFB
                • https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14575

                [1]https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14575